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百度共享单车的出现是好事情，但是也给城管带来很大的压力，在座谈会上，专家普遍认为，在早期规范共享单车的使用方面，处罚的手段必不可少，而将文明用车与个人的征信系统相挂钩，能使不文明行为受到惩罚，避免城管沦为共享单车的搬运工。

???????^[1] ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? (????? ??????) ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????. ??? ?????? "????" ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? (Broadcast) ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????.

?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????. ??? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????. ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ???????? ?? ??????? ??????.

?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???, ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?-Vocoder.

???? ???

?? ??? "????" ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (Edouard Branly). ????? ?? ??? ????? "radioconductor", ?????? ?? ????? "radiate" ("??????").

????????

?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? 1873 ???????? ?'???? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? (David E. Hughes), ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? 1878 ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????????? ???????. ?? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? 1886–1888, ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?'????? ?'???? ???.

?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 1895, ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????: ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? 1893, ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?-1900 ????? ??????? ????????, ?? ????? ???? ????, ????? ?? ???? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? 1943, ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????.

?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????. ???? ?-20 ?? ???? ?-20 ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ??????. ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? "????? ???????", ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?'???' ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???. ?????? ???? ???? 1938, ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? (???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? "??? ?????").

????? ?????????? ?-1948 ????? "????" ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????.

??? ????

??? ????? – ??? ????

??? ????, ??? ????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? (?????), ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ??????????? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ?????? "????" ????? ?????? ????? ??, ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????, ??"? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????.

????? ????? ??????? ????

???? ?????? (LW) ?????? ???? ????? ??' 1 ?? ?-ITU (????? ?? ??????, ??????, ????? ??????, ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????, ?????????) ?????? 148.5 ?? 283.5KHz. ???????? ????? ???? ?-AM ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? 9KHz.
???? ???????? (MW) ????? 1600 - 500 ???? ???, ??? ?????? ???? ?-AM
???? ????? (SW) ????? 1.7-30 ??? ???, ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? (?????? ????) ???????? ??? ????? ????
???? 88–108 ????? ????? ????? ????? VHF ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? FM
???? ??????? - ????? 174–218 ????? (Band III) ?-VHF ??? ????? 1.454-1.492 ???? ??? ?-L-Band ?????? ??????
?????? ???? ???????? - ?? ?????? ??????, "?????" ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????.

?????????? ????? ???? ??????

????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????, ??? ???? FM ?-AM, ??????? ??? ????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?-FM ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? RDS, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????.

???? ???????

????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.

????? ???????? ???-?????? ???? ??????? ???? (Broadcasting) ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????. ????? ??????? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? - ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????????.

?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ????? "???? ???????" ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? (??????? ????? ???????), ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????.

??? ????? – DAB

??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? DAB. ????? Digital Audio Broadcasting ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? 147. ??? ??? ????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? ????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?-2007 ??? ??? ??????, ?????? DAB+. ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????.

????? ?-DAB ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?-DAB. ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ????:

DMB ?(Digital Multimedia Broadcasting) – ??? ???? ????? ?? DAB, ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ???? 2006 ?? ??? ?????? WorldDMB
HD Radio – ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ????? FM ???????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? FM ?????.
XM Radio ?-Sirius – ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????
????? ???? DVB ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????
ISDB – ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????????, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????

????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????, ???? ????????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? AM ??? ????? ???? ??????, ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ??:

DRM ?(Digital Radio Mondiale) – ??? ????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
IBOC AM – ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
WorldSpace – ??? ??????? ?? ?????, ?????, ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ??????

??????

????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? "???? ??????", ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? 2000, ??-6 ????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????^[2].

?????? ?????? ???? ????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? 147. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? VHF ???? 1996 ?? 2007. ?-15 ??????? 2004 ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? 2005, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? 2007^[3].

????? 2008, ???? ????? ????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? DAB+. ??????? ???? ?-14 ???, ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ?? 23 ?????? ???^[4]^[5]. ??? ????? ????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????^[6]^[7].

???? ??????? ????+ ????? DVB-T ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????.

??????? ?? ?????

????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????, ????? ????? ?????? ???????^[8]. ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ?????, ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?????, ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????^[9].

???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ????, ????????, ?????, ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ??????, ?????? ????. ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ????, ?????? ????.

????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? "??? ???? ?? ?????".

????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ??????, ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?'??. ??? ??, ???? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????.

??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? - ????? ????? ????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????.

???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??, ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????-???, ??????, ?????.

????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????????, ?? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-20 ???????? ???? ?-21, ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.

?????? ??????

??? ????? – ????? ???? ??????

??????, ????? ???? (???? 1999) ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ????. ?? ??, ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????, ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ?"??? ???????" ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? "???? ??????" ????? ????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? '??' ?? ?????? ???????? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????-??????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??, ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???, ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????-??????.

?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????????.

?????? "??? ????????" (??? 2004) ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? — ???????, ??????, ????????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???"?, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????.

????? ??????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?-50 ??? ?? ????. ???? ????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????. "???? ??????" ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????, ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????.

??? ?????

?????"? ???? ?? ?-13 ??????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????.

???????????

?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? (1936–1948) / ??? ???? ????? ????, ?????: ??????? ???-????? ??????, 133: 105-132, 2009
????? ??? ??? / ??? ???? ????: ???-?? ??????, ???? ??????, 52-53: 155-164, 2010
Curran J, and Seaton,J.(2003). Power without Responsibility. London: Routledge, pp. 151-172.
Douglas S. J.(1995). "Broadcasting Begins," in Crowley, D. and Hayer, P. (eds.). Communication in History. New York: Longman, pp. 232-240
?????? ?. (2003). ????? ?? ?????. ?? ????: ???, ??' 354–367
????????, ?. ??????, ?. (2003). ?????????? ?????: ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????. ???"?: ???-?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????, 5, 22-63.
??????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ??? 1979
???? ?? ??, ????????? ?? ????? ??????? - ???? ???? 1999 ?? 32–44, ?????? ?????, ?????? ????????
?????? ????????, ????? ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ??? - ???? ???????, ??? 1991
?????, ?. (2011). ?????. ??. ???. ?? ????: ??????, ??' 43–78
??? ?????: ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????(2013) ??? ?????????, ???? ????
???? ?????? ????????? ?????:??? ????????? ?? ??? ????, ??????????? ??????, ???? 43, 2006

??? ??

????? ?? ??????:
	????? ??????

??????? ????????

?? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????: ??? ????? ????? ????, ???? nrg?, 1 ?????? 2015
????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????
????? ?????? ???? (1938), ???? ??????? ????? ??????
?????? ???? ????? ????? (1955), ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (????? 01:01)
????, ?? ??? ??????? ???????

????? ??????

^ ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??????; ???? ????? ??????????: ???? ????????? (???"?), 2007 ?????? ??????????: ??? ??????????? (??"?), 1970
^ ??? ????-??????, ????? ?????? ?? ????????, ???? ?????, 9 ??????? 2000
^ ???? ???, ???? ??????? ????????, ???? ?????, 15 ????? 2010
^ ????? ???, ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????; ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ???? TheMarker?, 2 ?????? 2008
^ ??? ?????, ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????: ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? 23 ?????? ???, ???? ?????, 4 ????? 2008
^ ?????? ???, ????? 2010
^ ??? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????: ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???"?, ???? ?????, 26 ?????? 2009
^ Anang Sujoko, Dyan Rahmiati & Fathur Rahman, [Cogent Social Sciences The role of radio as the public sphere for public political education in the digital era: Challenges and pitfalls], Anang Sujoko, Dyan Rahmiati & Fathur Rahman (2023) The role of radio as the public sphere for public political education in the digital era: Challenges and pitfalls, Cogent Social Sciences, ?2023
^ Anang Sujoko, Dyan Rahmiati, Fathur Rahman, The role of radio as the public sphere for public political education in the digital era: Challenges and pitfalls, Cogent Social Sciences 9, 2025-08-05, ??' 2239627 doi: 10.1080/23311886.2023.2239627

[1] ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??????; ???? ????? ??????????: ???? ????????? (???"?), 2007 ?????? ??????????: ??? ??????????? (??"?), 1970

[2] ??? ????-??????, ????? ?????? ?? ????????, ???? ?????, 9 ??????? 2000

[3] ???? ???, ???? ??????? ????????, ???? ?????, 15 ????? 2010

[4] ????? ???, ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????; ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ???? TheMarker?, 2 ?????? 2008

[5] ??? ?????, ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????: ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? 23 ?????? ???, ???? ?????, 4 ????? 2008

[6] ?????? ???, ????? 2010

[7] ??? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????: ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???"?, ???? ?????, 26 ?????? 2009

[8] Anang Sujoko, Dyan Rahmiati & Fathur Rahman, [Cogent Social Sciences The role of radio as the public sphere for public political education in the digital era: Challenges and pitfalls], Anang Sujoko, Dyan Rahmiati & Fathur Rahman (2023) The role of radio as the public sphere for public political education in the digital era: Challenges and pitfalls, Cogent Social Sciences, ?2023

[9] Anang Sujoko, Dyan Rahmiati, Fathur Rahman, The role of radio as the public sphere for public political education in the digital era: Challenges and pitfalls, Cogent Social Sciences 9, 2025-08-05, ??' 2239627 doi: 10.1080/23311886.2023.2239627

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

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