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??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????. ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????, ??? ??? ???? (?????). ?? ???????? ??????? ????, ??? ??? ???? (?????????).

????? "??? ???? ????" ???? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?-MLS, ??? ??? ???? ???? (??????).

百度比如中国中医药报发表一家之言称，用化学成分阐述中药的功效，是典型的偷换概念。

????? ?????? (???????: New York ?? New York City; ????? ?????: NYC) ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????, ?????????, ??????, ??????, ??????, ??????, ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ???????, ???? "????? ?????" ?"???? ??? ????".

???? ??? ???? ??????? ???-??????, ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? 2022 ??? ???? ????.

???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????: ???????, ???????, ?????, ?????? ????? ??????. ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? 2020 ??? ???? ???? 8.8 ??????, ???????? ???? ?? 1,214 ??????? ????.

???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?-19 ??????? ???? ?-20. ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???. ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????, ?????? ??????? 11 ??????? 2001.

??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? "??????? ?? ?????", ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? (????? ?? ??????? ??? ????), ????????? ?????????? ??? ???, ???? ?????. 36 ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? 2005 ????? ?? ???? 170 ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? 24 ???? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? "???? ????? ???? ?????".

????????

?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?-1660, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ????.

????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?-5,000 ???? ????? ??????. ???? 1524 ???? ????? ?'????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? "???? ??????" (??????: Nouvelle Angoulême – ?????? ?????). ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? 1614, ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????.

?? ?? ????????? ?????????, ???? 1624 ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?-1664 ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?"??? ????", ?? ?? ?'???? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ??????–??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ?-1700, ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?-200 ???.^[3]

??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? 1754, ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?'???' ????.

???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ????, ??-1789 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ?'???' ?????????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????.^[4]

???? ?-19, ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ?????? (1811), ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ??-1819 ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ?-1835 ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????. ?-1857 ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ?? ?? ????????. ?? ??? 1827 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ???-???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????.

???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? (1861–1865) ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ???? 1898, ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ???? (???? ????? ????????), ???? ???'????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????.^[5] ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? 1904 ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?-20, ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ????, ???????. ?? ????? ???, ???????? ?? ??? ????. ???? 1904, ?????? ?????? "???? ??????" ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? 1,021 ??????. ???? 1911, ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?-146 ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??? "????? ????? ??????? ????-?????", ???????? ??????? ??????? ???.

????? ?-20 ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????-???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?-1916, ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????. ???? 1948 ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???. ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????, ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? (?????? ????? ???) ???? 80 ???? ????? ??????? ????.

?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (????? ????? ??????). ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????.^[6]

????? ?-60 ??-70, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?-80, ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? 1994 ?????? ?'??????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.

?-11 ??????? 2001 ????? ??3,000 ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??-??????, ???? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????.

?-17 ??????? 2011 ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ?????????, ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????.

???????? 2012 ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ????? ??????? ?? ????: ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?-18,000 ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????. ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????.

???? 2020 ????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ?-9 ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????.

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??? ???? ?????? ?????-????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????-????? ?? ????? ??? ????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ????, ???? ????????? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????, ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????.

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???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????-???? ????? ??? ????, ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? – ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????? (??? ?????), ???, ????? ???? ???????, ?? ?????.

??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?'???.

???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.

??? ???? ??? 1,214.4 ??"? ????? 785.6 ??"? ?? ???? ????, ?-428.8 ??"? ?? ????? ??? (35.31%).^[7]

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?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ????, ????? ????? ????? ?? 30 ?"?. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? 63.5 ?"? ?-88.9 ?"?.^[8] ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? 15–30 ????? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? 26–32 ????? ??????, ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ?-38 ????? ??????.

?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ?????.

??? ?????? ???? ??? ????^[9]
????	???'	???'	???	???'	???	????	????	???'	???'	???'	???'	???'	????
????????? ???, F° (C°)	70 (21)	72 (22)	80 (27)	87 (31)	91 (36)	100 (38)	102 (39)	100 (38)	99 (37)	85 (29)	81 (27)	70 (21)	70 (30)
????????? ?????? ???????, F° (C°)	36 (2)	40 (4)	48 (9)	58 (14)	68 (20)	77 (25)	83 (28)	84 (27)	74 (23)	63 (17)	52 (11)	42 (6)	60 (15)
????????? ?????? ???????, F° (C°)	23 (-5)	24 (-4)	32 (-1)	42 (6)	53 (12)	63 (17)	68 (20)	66 (19)	58 (14)	47 (8)	38 (3)	28 (-2)	47 (8)
????????? ??? ??????, F° (C°)	-4 (-20)	-3 (-19)	5 (-20)	18 (-8)	34 (1)	44 (7)	49 (9)	47 (8)	38 (3)	27 (-3)	14 (-10)	5 (-18)	23 (-6)
???? ??????, ????'?? (?"?)	3.7 (94)	2.9 (75)	4.0 (104)	4.0 (103)	4.5 (114)	3.4 (88)	4.1 (106)	4.0 (103)	4.0 (103)	3.5 (89)	4.0 (102)	3.8 (98)	46.7 (1,124)

?????

??? ????? ????? ???? ???? 1898 ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???-?????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? 51 ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ????.^[10] ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?-2010, ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????.

????? ????

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???? ??? ?????? ????

????? ??? ????. ????? ???? ?? ????, ???? ????.

???? ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????.
????: ????? ??????? ???????? ???? 2020:^[11]

????? – Manhattan, ?? ????????? ?? ??1.69 ?????? ??????.
??????? – Bronx, ?? ????????? ?? ??1.47 ?????? ??????.
??????? – Brooklyn, ?? ????????? ?? ??2.73 ?????? ??????.
?????? – Queens, ?? ????????? ?? ??2.40 ?????? ??????.
???? ?????? – Staten Island, ?? ????????? ?? ??495,000 ??????.

?? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?-2020 ??? ??8,804,190 ??????.

???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????

????????

??? ???? ??????????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ???? 2000 ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? 8,008,278 ??????, 3,021,588 ???? ??? ?-1,852,233 ??????. ?????? ????????? ??? 10,194.2 ?????/???"?. ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?-9.5 ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 2030.^[12]

???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? 1940 ?-2000. ?-39 ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? – ??? ???'?? ??? 27 ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? – ?????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? – ???????, ????? – ??????, ?????? – ???????, ????? ?????? – ?-42 ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? 2011 ?-1,086,000 ??????,^[13] ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????.

?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? 2024, ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ?-2024 ???? ?? 350,000 ????????? (??? ??? 24 ????? ????). ?????, 60 ??????? ??????????? ?-744 ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? 100 ?????? ????.^[14]

**??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????**
???? 2000	???? ??? ????	??? ????	????? ?????
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???? ????? ??? 1990 ?-2000	+9.4%	+5.5%	+13.1%
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???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 120 ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? (CUNY) – ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????.

???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ??????????? ??? ???? ?????????, ??? ????' ???????, ?????????? ???????, ?????????? ?????, ?????????? ????, ?????????? ??? ?'??? ?????' ???? ??????.

???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????.

???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?'?????? – ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????.

??? ???

???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?-1,200 ??? ???? ????. ??? ?? ???? ?-1,000 ??? ??? ?????? (?? ???????? ??? ?????).

???? ???????

?? ????? ?? ??? ????

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???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? – ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? (???? ?????), ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????.

????? ??????? (????) ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? – ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? 11 ???????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? Ground Zero.

???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? "?????? ????? ?????" ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????. ???? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?-1890. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? "???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????" ???? 75 ???? ?????? – ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? 1899, ????? ???? ?????? 1 ??? ????? ?? ??? 1974 ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????.

?????

???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ??? ????, ?????? ??? ???, ??? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ??, ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?-40 ?? ???? ?-20 ???? ???? ????? ??'??, ?????? ?-50 ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?. ????????, ??????? ??????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ??????? (MoMA) ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????, ??? ??????????? ?? ??? ????.

????? ???????? ????

???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?-2,000 ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?-500 ?????? ??????.^[15] ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????, ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?-19 ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???-???????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?-42, ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????.

???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ????, ??????????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ????, ??????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ?'?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.

???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?-750 ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????.^[16]

?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? (???? ???????).

??????

??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????, ??????? ?? ????? ?-40 ?????? ?????? ??? ???. ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?-33 ?????? ?????? ???? 1998 ??-51 ?????? ?????? ???? 2011.^[17] ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ??????, ???? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ??????, ???? ?????, ????????? ?? ???????? ????. ?-25 ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????.^[18] ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????.

????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????, ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??, ??? ???? ???? ????? – ??? ??-4,000 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????, ?????, ???? ??, ????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?-113 ??"? ?? ???? ?????? ??-22 ?"? ?? ????? ????????.^[19]

????

???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? (??????) ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? "???? ?????????". ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? (??? ?? "????? ??????"). ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?-19 ?????? ???? ?-20 ???????? ???? ????. ?????? ???, ???? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ??.

??? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? "?", ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? "??? ???" (New Yawk), "???" (???????: "here" – "???") ???? "???" (hi?) ?????? ?????? ???? ????? "?????? ????" (p??k).

?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ?? ????? "????" (??????? "talk" – ???") ???? "????" ?????? ??? (??????? "coffee" "?????") ???? "??????".

????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? "????" (girl – ????) ????? "??????", ?"??? ?'???" ????? "??? ?'????".

???? ?? ????? ????? "??? ???? ??????" ?? ????? ?? ???'? ???? ????? ????? ??.

???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????.^[20]^[21]

??????

???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????, ??????, ??????? ??????????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.^[22] ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????, ???? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????.^[23]

???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????: ???? ????? ?'???? ????? ???? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ???? (????? ???? 1801 ?? ??? ??????? ???????), ??? 270 ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.^[24] "?? ?????? ?? ?????" ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????, ??????? ?????? ?????.^[25] ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?"??? ???? ??????? ????" – ????? ??????? ???????, ??????' ????? ????? ???? ???????' ????' ????? ?????? ?????????.

?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????: ABC, CBS, NBC ?????, ??? ????? ?????? HBO, MTV, ???????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? 2005, ???? ???? ????? ?-100 ????? ???????? ??????.^[26]

?????

???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? (?????? ?? ?????, ?????????-????????, ??? ???'?? ??? ????????): ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???.

???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?'?????? (???? ??? ???????? ?'??????) ????????? ????'?? (???? ???? ???'?? ????'??) ??? ???? ?????????? ???? 1958.

??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????: ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????.

?????? ??????? ??-NFL ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?'?? ????? ???? ?'?????? (????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?'???).

????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?-NHL ??? ??? ???? ?????'??. ????? NHL ?????, ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?-2015.

?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.

?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?-NBA. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?-WNBA.

????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? – ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????.

????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? – ???? 2006 ????? ?? ???? ?????? 37,866 ???????.^[27]

?????

???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???-?????, ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (??? ?? ????? ???????). ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ????????, ???????? ?????"? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?-952.6 ??????? ??????, ???? 2005, ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.^[28]

??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? (???? ??? ?????) ????? ??????? ????? – ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????.

???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? 33% ????????? ?? ????.^[29]

?????? ????"? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????.^[30]

???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ?-80 ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ?????????, ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????.^[31] ????? ????? ??????? ?-19,000 ??????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?-5 ??????? ?????? ????.^[32] ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? – ???? ?????? ?????? ????? 234 ?????? ?????? ??? ???.

????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????. 90% ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????.^[33]

???? ?-2024, ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????.^[34]

??????

I Love New York (????? ?-I ? NY) ??? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????, ???', ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????,^[35] ??? ??? 1977, ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????^[36] ???? ????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? 30 ?????? ???? ??? ???. ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????.^[37]

???? ???????? (??') ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?-1.27 ??????? ???? ????? 2013–2014, ????? ?? 11.4% ?-1.139 ??????? ???? ????? 2012–2013. ???? ??????? ???? ???? 2021 ??? ?? ?-32.9 ??????, ??????? 30.2 ?????? ??????? (????????) ??-2.7 ?????? ???-???????^[38].

???	??"? ?????? (?????????)	?????? ???????	?????? ???-???????	?? ?????? ?????? (????????? ??????)
1991	29.1	23.6	5.5	10.1
1995	28.5	23.1	5.4	11.7
1998	33.1	27.1	6.0	14.7
1999	36.4	29.8	6.6	15.6
2000	36.2	29.4	6.8	17.0
2001	35.2	29.5	5.7	15.1
2002	35.3	30.2	5.1	14.1
2003	37.8	33.0	4.8	18.5
2004	39.9	33.8	6.2	21.3
2005	42.6	35.8	6.8	24.3
2006	43.8	36.5	7.3	26.2
2007	46.0	37.1	8.8	30.0
2008	47.1	37.6	9.5	32.0
2009	45.8	37.0	8.8	28.2
2010	48.8	39.1	9.7	31.5
2011	50.9	40.3	10.3	34.5
2012	51.5	40.9	10.6	36.9
2013	53	41.7	11.3	38.8
2014	54.4	42.5	11.9	41.2
2015	55.9	43.2	12.7	42.3
2016	60.5	47.8	12.7	43.0
2017	62.8	49.7	13.1	44.2
2018	65.2	51.6	13.5	44.0
2019^[38]	66.6	53.1	13.5	47.4
2020^[38]	22.3	19.9	2.4	12.8
2021^[38]	32.9	30.2	2.7

??????

??? ????? – ?????? ???? ????

????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? – ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ????.^[39] 66% ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? – ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? (????????, ????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????). ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? 90% ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????, ?-75% ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? (?????? ?????? ????? ??? 8%).

????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? (468 ?????), ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???). ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? 24 ???? ????? (???? ???????), ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? (???? ??????, ????, ????????? ??????).

???? ?-12,000 ?????? ???? ????, ??????? ????? ?????.^[40] ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? (????? ?????? ??????: ???????, ??? ???? ???? ?'???) ??????? ?? ??? 20 ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?-250 ?????.^[41]^[42] ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????: ???? ????? ????? ??.^[43]^[44] ???? ????, ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????.

???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????,^[45] ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????: ??? ?????? ????-????? ????, ??? ?????? ????-????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???-????? ????: ??? ?????? ????-????? ???????. 100 ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???.^[46] ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????.^[47] ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?-120,000 ?????? ????????, ?-21% ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? (?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 8%).^[48]^[49]

????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ?'???' ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??.^[50]

????? ???? ??? ????

?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????

???? ?????? ???????

???? ?????, ??? ??????, ??? ???, ??? ?????? ????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? 11 ???????, ??????? ???? ??????? ????.

?????????

?? ????, ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ???????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ??????? ????????, ??????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????, ??????? ??????????? ??????, ????????? – ??????? ?????? ??? ???????, ??????? ???? ??? ????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ?'?? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ????'?, ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? 11 ???????, ??????? ??????? ?. ????????, ??????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???? ????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ??????? (????), ?????? ?????? ??????.

?????????? ?????? ???: ???????? ???? ??? ????.

?????? ????? ???????

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??? ????? ?????
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????	?????	??????	???	?????	???	????	????	??????	??????	???????	??????	?????	???
??? ???? ??????? (≥1 ?"?)	10.8	10.0	11.1	11.4	11.5	11.2	10.5	10.0	8.8	9.5	9.2	11.4	125.4
???? ????? ?????? (%)	61.5	60.2	58.5	55.3	62.7	65.2	64.2	66.0	67.8	65.6	64.6	64.1	63.0
???? ??? ???????	162.7	163.1	212.5	225.6	256.6	257.3	268.2	268.2	219.3	211.2	151.0	139.0	2534.7

???? ??????

???? ??? ???? ?? 12 ???? ??????:^[51]

??? ?????, ??? (??1960)
????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????'???, ????????? ?????? ?? ??? (??1980)
???? ?????, ???? (??1982)
????? ????, ????? (??1982)
????????? ??????????? ???? ???????, ????????? ??????????? (??1983)
?????? ????, ?????? (??1992)
??????? ??????, ??????? (??1992)
????? ???????, ????? (??1993)
?????? ??????? ??????, ??????, ?????? ??????? (??2001)
???? ?????? ?????????, ???? ?????? (??2003)
?????? ??????, ?????? (??2018)

??? ??

????? ?? ??????

????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????: ????????, ????????, ????, ????? ????.

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??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? 1951
?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ????, 18 ????? 2018
???? ????, ??? ???? ????? ????. ?? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??, ???? ????, 24 ????? 2024
"?????????", ????? ??? ?????????? (????), ??????????? ???? ?????, ??? ????: ????, ???"?, ??? ?, ?????? 31–38, ???? ?????????
??? ????, ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
??? ???? (??? ????), ?? ??? ??????? ???????

????? ??????

^ (???? ???????), 1674 (???? ????)
^ "QuickFacts: New York city, New York". U.S. Census Bureau. ???? ?-2025-08-05.
^ ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?'???? ????
^ ???? ?????? ?? ?'???' ?????????
^ ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ?????????? ?? ????? ??????
^ ??? ????? ?? ??? PBS ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????
^ ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????
^ ????? ???? ??? ????
^ ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????
^ ??? ????? ????
^ "2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer". US Census Bureau.
^ ?????? ??? ???? – ?????? ?????????
^ Jewish Community Study of New York: 2011, UJA-Federation of New York
^ ???? ???, ????? ????? ???????: ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????????, ???? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ???????, 8 ???? 2024
^ ????? ???? ????
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^ "??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????.
^ ???? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????, 21 ??????? 2010
^ ???? ?????? ???? ???
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^ ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
^ ??? ?????? ??? ???? – ????? ?????? ???? 2005
^ ????? ?????? ??????? ?????
^ ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????.
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^ ??? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?? ???? ???????, ???? TheMarker?, 5 ???????? 2024
^ ????? ???'?, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? - ?????? ????????? ???????, ???? TheMarker?, 17 ????? 2024
^ Jessica Swanda, Famous Advertisers in History: Mary Wells Lawrence – Jessica Swanda – Medium, Medium, ????? 2018
^ "I Love New York Logo". New York State Library – New York State Education Department.
^ Kidd, Chip (1 ??????? 2003). "An Interview with Milton Glaser". Believer Magazine.
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ MYS, NYC Travel & Tourism Outlook
^ ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????
^ ??? ?????? ??? ???? – ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????.
^ ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????
^ ???? ????? ?? NJ Transit
^ ??? ???? ???? ?????
^ ???? ?? ???? ?????
^ U.S. International Travel and Transportation Trends
^ ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? – ????? ???? ??????
^ ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? – ????? ????? ???????.
^ ???? ?-Gotham Gazette
^ ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? 2001.
^ Judy Rife, George Washington Bridge turns 75 years old, Times Herald-Record, ?24 ???????? 2006
^ ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ??? ????

????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? 1 ????? 2021^{[???????? 1]}
^ USA: States and Major Cities
	?????	??	?????	?????????	?????	??	?????	?????????
??? ???? ??? ???'??
	1	??? ????	??? ????	8,467,513	11	??????	????	964,177	?????
	2	??? ???'??	?????????	3,849,297	12	?'????????	???????	954,614
	3	?????	???????	2,696,555	13	???? ????'	????	935,508
	4	??????	????	2,288,250	14	????????	?????	906,528
	5	??????	???????	1,624,569	15	????????????	????????	882,039
	6	????????	?????????	1,576,251	16	??????	???????? ???????	879,709
	7	?? ???????	????	1,451,853	17	?? ????????	?????????	815,201
	8	?? ?????	?????????	1,381,611	18	?????	?????????	733,919
	9	?????	????	1,288,457	19	?????	???????	711,463
	10	?? ????	?????????	983,489	20	???????? ????	????????	687,725

[1] (???? ???????), 1674 (???? ????)

[?????_?????????-2] "QuickFacts: New York city, New York". U.S. Census Bureau. ???? ?-2025-08-05.

[3] ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?'???? ????

[4] ???? ?????? ?? ?'???' ?????????

[5] ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ?????????? ?? ????? ??????

[6] ??? ????? ?? ??? PBS ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????

[7] ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????

[8] ????? ???? ??? ????

[9] ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????

[10] ??? ????? ????

[11] "2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer". US Census Bureau.

[12] ?????? ??? ???? – ?????? ?????????

[13] Jewish Community Study of New York: 2011, UJA-Federation of New York

[14] ???? ???, ????? ????? ???????: ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????????, ???? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ???????, 8 ???? 2024

[15] ????? ???? ????

[16] ???? ???? ????

[17] ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????

[18] ????? ?????? ?????? ????

[19] ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????

[20] "??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????.

[21] ???? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????, 21 ??????? 2010

[22] ???? ?????? ???? ???

[23] ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????

[24] ??????? ????? ???? ????

[25] ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????

[26] ??? ?????? ??? ???? – ????? ?????? ???? 2005

[27] ????? ?????? ??????? ?????

[28] ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????.

[29] ????? ?????? ???? ????

[30] ??? ?????? ??? ???? – ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????.

[31] ??? ?????? ??? ???? – ????? ??????

[32] ??? ?????? ??? ???? – ?????? ?? ???? ?????

[33] ??? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?? ???? ???????, ???? TheMarker?, 5 ???????? 2024

[34] ????? ???'?, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? - ?????? ????????? ???????, ???? TheMarker?, 17 ????? 2024

[35] Jessica Swanda, Famous Advertisers in History: Mary Wells Lawrence – Jessica Swanda – Medium, Medium, ????? 2018

[36] "I Love New York Logo". New York State Library – New York State Education Department.

[37] Kidd, Chip (1 ??????? 2003). "An Interview with Milton Glaser". Believer Magazine.

[:0-38] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ MYS, NYC Travel & Tourism Outlook

[39] ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????

[40] ??? ?????? ??? ???? – ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????.

[41] ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????

[42] ???? ????? ?? NJ Transit

[43] ??? ???? ???? ?????

[44] ???? ?? ???? ?????

[45] U.S. International Travel and Transportation Trends

[46] ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? – ????? ???? ??????

[47] ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? – ????? ????? ???????.

[48] ???? ?-Gotham Gazette

[49] ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? 2001.

[50] Judy Rife, George Washington Bridge turns 75 years old, Times Herald-Record, ?24 ???????? 2006

[51] ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ??? ????

[52] USA: States and Major Cities

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[???????? 1]

????? ??????? ?????: ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????
20,000,000+	??????? ? ????'??? ? ??? ????? ? ????
10,000,000+	????'? ? ????? ? ???????? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ??????'??? ? ???? ? ???'? ? ?'???? ? ??????? ? ???? ? ?'???? ? ????? ? ???'???
5,000,000+	????? ? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ? ???? ? ???? ? ??? ???? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ? ?'????'??? ? ????'??? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ?? ?'? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ? ????? ? ?'??? ? ?'????? ? ????? ? ?????'?? ? ????????? ? ????? ? ??? ?? ?'????? ? ????? ? ??????? ?? ?'??? ? ???? ? ???????? ? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ? ?'???? ? ????? ? ?'???? ? ?????'??? ? ??????? ? ?????? ? ??????

什么蛋	申时是什么时间	晚上适合喝什么茶	低钠盐是什么意思	吃什么可以解酒
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