American Chamber of Commerce in China
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| ???? ??? | ????? ?????? (Protestation zu Speyer) |
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10 ??????? 1517 |
| ???? ??????? | 800–900 ?????? ??? (?????) |
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????????, Charismatic Christianity, ?????????, Restorationism, Stone–Campbell Movement, united and uniting churches, ?????????, ????????, ?????????, Holiness movement, ???????, ??????????, ?????? |
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| ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?-2010. ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? 10% ???????????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????????. | |
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??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ?"??????", solae, ??????? ?? ????: "???? ????? ????" (sola scriptura) – ????? ????? ????? ????"? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????; "?????? ????" (sola fide) – ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????????; ?"???? ????" (sola gratia) – ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????, ???? ???? ??????????? ???????, ???????? ??? "?????? ????" ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????.
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?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????, ????? "???? ????? ????" (sola scriptura). ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? "???? ???????" ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????-??? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?"?????????" (??') ??????? ????? ???????, ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? (????? ????"? ??????). ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?-1518 ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????, ???????? ?-1523 ??????? ????? ????. ???? ???? ???????, ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????. ????? ?????? ???-?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????, ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????.
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??????? ??????? ?????? ???? "???? ????? ????" ??? ??????. ???? ???? ????????? ????????, ???? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? – ????? ????, ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? (??? ?????) ???? ????? ?????????, ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????. ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???"? ???? ???????, ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????.[6] ????? ???????, ??? "????? ???????" ?? ???? ?-1526 ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????, ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?-1962 ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????.
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???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? (??') ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? "??? ?????? ????" (sola gratia), ???????? "?????? ????" (sola fide (??')) ??? ????. ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ???????????, ????? ???, ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????-??? ???????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? – propter Christum per fidem, "?? ??? ?????, ????? ??????". ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ??? ???. ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????: ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??, ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????, ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ????. ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????), ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????.
???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????, ?? ???? ???????????? ??? ???. ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????? (iustitia aliena) ??????; ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ????????, ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????????: ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????, ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???, ?? ????? ??. ???? ???????????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????.
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???? ??? ?? ???????????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????-???? ?? ????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?"????" ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????. ??? ???, ???? ???? ?? "????? ????????", ?? ??????????????? (????-??????): ???? ???? ?? ???, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???. ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? "????, ?? ?????" ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ??????, ??????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????, ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?"?, ” ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????”. ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???, ??? ????? ????, ????? ????? ?????.
????? ??????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????. ?? 1828 ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????????????, ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? 1910.[11]
"????? ??????????"
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???: ??, ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ????, ????????? ????????? ?? "???????? ???????????" ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????; ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????, ???????, ??????, ??????????????, ??????? ???????, ???? ???????????, ????? ????????, ??????? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?-19 ?????? ?-20 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????.[12]
??? ??? ???? ??? ?-1905 ??? ???? ?????? ????? "?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????": ??????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? – ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??, ??? ????? ??????? – ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????, ?? ?????? ?? "???? ????? ?????????" ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???. ???????? ???? ??? ?????? (?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????-??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????) ??? ??-??????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ??, ????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ????????????.[13]
?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? "??? ????????" ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???-?????? (??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????) ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ????????, ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??. ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? "??? ????????" ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????.[14] ????? ???, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? – ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?? – ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ??.[15] ????? ???? ????, ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???-??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????.
?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?? ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ??? – ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? – ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????; ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????????.
????? ?????????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]???? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? 800 ?-900 ?????? ???, ???? ????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? (??? 30,000 ?-40,000). ??????? ???? ?'??. ????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????, ????? ????? 2000 ??? 833,000,000 ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ?-32,470 ????? ???????: ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????, ??? ??????? ?"???????" ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????.[16] ???? ????? PEW ??? ???? ?-800,640,000 ?-2010.[17] ????? ???, ?? 27% ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ??? ?-73% ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ???????, ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????.[18] ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ?-150 ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?-40 ??????. ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????.
???? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????; ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? (???????????) ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?-20. ??? ??, ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ????"? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????.[19]
?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????. ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????????, ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? – ???? ?-18 ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ?? ????????, ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????. ????????, ??? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????????????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? (??') ??????? ??????? 72 ?????? ??? ?-144 ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?-10% ???? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? "???? ????" ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????.
???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? (Reformed churches) ??????? ?? ????? ??????????, ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? "?????" ?? ??? "??????????". ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?'?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????, ?'?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?-20. ?????? ????????, ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????, ?????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? (?????????????????) ???????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ??? "????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????" (??'), ????? ?????? 80 ?????? ????? ?-229 ?????, ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ????. ?? ???????? ????? 10% ?? ???? ???? ???????????.
???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????, ?? ????? ?-85 ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????. ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????.
?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ?-16, ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????????; ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ?????, ??? ???? ?-17 ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? (??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????) ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????, ??????? ???????? ???????, ????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????????, ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ???? 2.5 ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ??????????, ?????? ???????? ???????, ????? ?-300,000 ??????; ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????, ????????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-17. ?? ?????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ????? 15 ?????? ???, ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???: ???? PEW ????? ?????????? ????? 9% ???? ???????????, ?-70 ?????? ???.
????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????. ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????-?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?-18. ?? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?????. "??????? ?????????? ???????" ???? ?-12 ?????? ??? ?????, ?"?????? ?????????? ???????" ??????? ?-80 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? 80 ?????? ???, ?? ?? PEW ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ?-3.4% ???? ??????????? ?? ?-25 ??????.
????????????, ??????? ?????? ????? ????, ??????? ????? ?? ????? "??????? ????" ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? (??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????????). ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?-19 ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??????, ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ?-20 ?????? ???????????.
?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?-20 ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? (?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????????????). ??????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???, ????????????. ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? 300 ?????? ???.
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??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????.[20] ????? ????????, ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? 1378 ?-1417, ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?-15, ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???-??????, ????? ?? ????? ??? ????. ?????, ??????? ???????? ????????? (?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????) ??????? ???? ????? ????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????-???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???.
?????? ??????? – ?? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????-???????? ??????? – ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?-14, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??. ??????? ?????? ?'?? ?????? ??? ?-1378 ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ?????? ????????????????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? – ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????, ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???, ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????????, ??? ???? ??'???, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? (????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?-13). ??? ????? ?? ????? ?-1415, ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?-1433, ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????.
???? ????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???-???, ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ??? ???????? ?????. ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????, ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????.
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??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?-1517 ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????; ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????, ??????, ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ?-1515 ??? ??????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.
??, ?-1517, ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ???? ?? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????. ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ?-31 ???????? 1517 ???? "???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????" ?? 95 ??????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ?????? (?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??-?????) ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ??? ?????? ("????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????... ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???") ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????.
?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????: ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ?????????. ?-1518 ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. ????? 1520 ???? ???? ?????, "?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????", "?? ???? ??? ?? ???????" ?"?? ?????? ?? ??????". ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???, ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? (???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????????????) ??? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???? ???????, ??? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????.
???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????. ?-1522 ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????. ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ??, ??????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?-1529. ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?'?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????: ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????-??. ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??'??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????, ??? ?????????????? ????????, ??????? ?'?? ???? ??? ????????.
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?? ???? ????, ??????? ?? ??????, ?????, ??????, ???????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ????, ?-1525. ???? ?? ???? ????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?-1648 ????? ??? ????????, ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????, ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????.
??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ???. ??? ?????? ????? ????????????, ????? ????? ???????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????-?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????, ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ???????????? ??????? ????, ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????, ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.
????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?-17, ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????.
??????????? ????????
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???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-16 ??? ???? ?-17 ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?-1576 ???? ????????. ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ???????-??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? "???? ?????", formula concordiae, ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?"??? ?????" ???? ???? ?-1580 ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????.
????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??'??????? ???'? ????? ???? ??? ????????????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?-1610. ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? "??? ???? ????? ?????" ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ?-1619 ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????, ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?-1630. ??? ???? ?? ???? "?????? ???????" ????? ????? ???? ??????????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? "?????? ??? ???????" ?? ??????. ??? ????????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? "???????" ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????, ???????, ??????? ?? ?????.
????????, ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????????? ????????, ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?"??????" ??????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????, ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???; ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???. ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????-????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?-1579 ??????? ??? ??? ?? 300 ??????, ???????? ??????????. ?????????? ?'?? ????, ???? ????? ?-1640 ????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?-1774.
???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????. ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ?-1670. ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?-18, ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????, ?? ??????? ?? ????, ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?'?? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????. ???? ???? ?-1791, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ????????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?-30 ??-40 ?? ???? ?-18 ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, "????????? ??????" (???????), ????? ??????? ??? ?'???? ???????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???, ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. "???????? ?????" ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?-18.
????????, ???-??????????? ????????????
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???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???. ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-18 ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?? ????? ?"????????". ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ???? ?-19: ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ?-1840 ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ????-??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ?????-????????? ??????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????, ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.
????? ???? ?? ???? ?-20, ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ?? ????? ????????-???????. ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????, ???? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???-????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????. "???????? ????????" (?????? ?? ???-??????????? ?? "????-????????") ??, ??? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????.
???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? (??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????). ?????-??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?-70, ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????. ????? ???? ??????, ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ???????????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?-20 ???? ???????, ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????-??????, ?????? ????? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???. ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? (???? ?????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????) ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????, ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.
???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ????? ?????????, ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????.
?????? ?????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]- 500 ??? ?????????: ????, ??????????? ?????? ?????? – ???? ?????? ????? "????? ???"
- ???? ?????-?????, ????????? ???????????, ???? ??????????? ???????, ?? ????: ???? ???????, 1997
??????? ????????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]
- ????? ??????????, ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
- ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? (???????)
???????????, ?? ??? ??????? ???????
????? ??????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]- ^ ??'????, ??' 2–3.
- ^ ???????? ??'????, ???? ??. ????, Introduction: Protestantism – the Problem of Identity, ????: The Blackwell Companion to Protestantism?, 2004. ??' 1–4.
- ^ 1 2 Lutheranism, ????: The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought, ????? ?????????? ????????, 2000. ??' 402.
- ^ ??'????, ??' 7.
- ^ ?? ??????? ?????????, ???: Hans Heinz, Justification and Merit: Luther vs. Catholicism, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2012. ??' 45.
- ^ ?? ???????, ???: Ulinka Rublack (?????), The Oxford Handbook of the Protestant Reformations, Oxford University Press, 2014. ??' 393.
- ^ ??'????, ??' 6–8, 254–256; ??? ????, Tradition, ????: The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought, ????? ?????????? ????????, 2000. ??' 711–712.
- ^ ??'???? (????), ??' 6–8, 27, 57–58
- ^ ?? ????? ?? ????????, ???: ,Timothy George, The Priesthood of all Believers, First Things.? 31 ???????? 2016; ? ??'????, ??' 13–14, 335–336.
- ^ 1 2 Sixteenth Century: An Overview ???? Companion to Christian Thought, ??' 669–670.
- ^ ?????? ?????????, Transubstanciation, ????: The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought, ????? ?????????? ????????, 2000. ??' 714; ??'????, ??' 27–29.
- ^ ????? ???, ??? ??'????, ??' 2, 64.
- ^ Henri Tajfel, The Social Dimension: Volume 2: European Developments in Social Psychology, Cambridge University Press, 1984. ??' 420–422.
- ^ Michael P. DeJonge, Bonhoeffer's Reception of Luther, Oxford University Press, 2011. ??' 92–93.
- ^ ??? ????: Nicholas P. Miller, The Religious Roots of the First Amendment: Dissenting Protestants and the Separation of Church and State, Oxford University Press, 2012.
- ^ Hans J. Hillerbrand, Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Routledge, 2004. ??' 344.
- ^ ???? PEW,?Global Christianity A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population, ????? 2011.
- ^ Mark A. Noll, Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction, ????? ?????????? ????????, 2010. ??' 8–9.
- ^ ??'????, ??' 21.
- ^ ???? "????????" ???? ???? ?? ???? "???????????" ???????????? ????????, ???"?.
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